Abstraction Scalability

Abstraction scalability is the idea that a system can grow by hiding its underlying layers behind shared interfaces, so new applications, chains or users can be added without each one handling the full complexity. The term is used loosely in blockchain writing rather than as a formal standard. Examples include account abstraction, which lets wallets work as programmable accounts; chain abstraction, which aims to let a user act across several networks from one interface; and modular designs in which execution moves to a layer 2 while the base chain handles security. The approach complements, rather than replaces, raw throughput gains such as sharding. Its main weakness is that every extra layer adds code, trust assumptions and new points of failure, including in bridges. Also see Scaling Solutions.