Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN)

Overview

The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) is the primary federal regulator and financial intelligence unit of the United States, tasked with combating money laundering, terrorist financing, and other financial crimes. Established in 1990 and elevated to bureau status in 2002, FinCEN administers the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA), regulates all Money Services Businesses (MSBs), enforces Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Countering the Financing of Terrorism (CFT) requirements, and serves as the U.S. Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) within the Egmont Group international network.

For payments and transfers, FinCEN registration is mandatory for all money services businesses and money transmitters. FinCEN's regulatory authority is binding at federal level and supersedes many state-level requirements. The organization operates with operational independence standards aligned to FATF and Egmont Group norms.

Confidence Scores by Dimension

Assessment Notes

• High confidence justified by: Official primary sources, statutory authority, extensive regulatory framework, clear organizational structure

• Regulatory clarity: MSB definition clear; registration requirements unambiguous; enforcement authority explicit

• Documentation completeness: Extensive guidance, FAQs, administrative rulings, and enforcement examples available

• Authority verification: Multiple independent sources confirm statutory authority and organizational status

• International recognition: Founding member status in Egmont Group; FATF participation

Basic Identity

Classification

Inclusion Justification

What This Entity Oversees

United States Federal Regulator — Official Regulatory Authority

MISSION & STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES

Primary Mission

FinCEN's mission is to safeguard the financial system from illicit activity, counter money laundering and the financing of terrorism, and promote national security through strategic use of financial authorities and the collection, analysis, and dissemination of financial intelligence.

Key Functions & Responsibilities

1. Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) Administrator

FinCEN serves as the primary administrator of the Bank Secrecy Act, implementing and enforcing requirements that financial institutions and other businesses maintain records and file reports that help detect and prevent money laundering. The BSA requires financial institutions to:

• Keep records of cash purchases of negotiable instruments

• File Currency Transaction Reports (CTRs) for cash transactions exceeding $10,000 (daily aggregate)

• File Suspicious Activity Reports (SARs) for suspected money laundering, tax evasion, or other criminal activities

• Implement Anti-Money Laundering Programs based on risk assessment

• Maintain Customer Identification Programs (CIP)

• Conduct Know Your Customer (KYC) due diligence

2. Money Services Business (MSB) Registration Authority

FinCEN requires mandatory registration of all Money Services Businesses through Form 107. Businesses subject to registration include:

• Currency dealers and exchangers

• Check cashers

• Issuers of traveler's checks or money orders

• Sellers or redeemers of traveler's checks or money orders

• Money transmitters (most critical for payments industry)

Registration must occur within 180 days of establishment, with renewal every 24 months by December 31. Failure to register may result in civil penalties up to $5,000 per violation.

3. Anti-Money Laundering/Countering Financing of Terrorism (AML/CFT) Regulator

FinCEN enforces comprehensive AML/CFT requirements across all regulated financial institutions, including:

• Risk-based AML program development and implementation

• Beneficial ownership identification and reporting (under AMLA/CTA)

• Transaction monitoring and suspicious activity detection

• Customer due diligence (CDD) and enhanced due diligence (EDD)

• Sanctions compliance screening

• Training and compliance program maintenance

4. Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU)

FinCEN serves as the United States Financial Intelligence Unit and is one of more than 160 FIUs making up the Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units.

As the U.S. FIU, FinCEN:

• Collects, analyzes, and disseminates financial intelligence

• Receives and analyzes Suspicious Activity Reports (SARs) and Currency Transaction Reports (CTRs)

• Receives and analyzes reports from other financial institutions

• Provides financial intelligence to law enforcement and intelligence agencies

• Coordinates with international FIUs through the Egmont Group

• Maintains operational independence from law enforcement agencies

5. Enforcement Authority

FinCEN has independent civil enforcement authority and pursues civil money penalties for Bank Secrecy Act violations through its Office of Enforcement.

Violations subject to enforcement include:

• Failure to register as a Money Services Business

• Failure to maintain effective AML programs

• Willful or negligent violations of BSA reporting or recordkeeping requirements

• Suspicious activity reporting violations

• Currency transaction reporting violations

• Record retention violations

Recent Enforcement Actions demonstrate FinCEN's active enforcement posture:

• Capital One, National Association: $390,000,000 civil penalty for willful and negligent BSA violations

• Brink's Global Services USA, Inc.: $37,000,000 penalty for willful BSA violations

• Shinhan Bank America: $15,000,000 penalty for willful violations and failure to maintain effective AML programs

• Paxful Inc.: $3,500,000 penalty for willful BSA violations and facilitating $500+ million in suspicious activity

6. Beneficial Ownership Information Database Operator

Under the Corporate Transparency Act (CTA), enacted as part of AMLA 2020, FinCEN operates a beneficial ownership information database and administers reporting requirements for "reporting companies".

Reporting companies must provide:

• Full legal name of each beneficial owner

• Date of birth

• Current residential or business address

• Unique identifying number from acceptable identification document

Exemptions apply to entities with more than 20 full-time employees, over $5 million in annual gross revenues, and physical office in the U.S., as well as banks, credit unions, registered MSBs, broker-dealers, publicly traded companies, and other regulated financial institutions.

7. International AML/CFT Coordination

FinCEN coordinates with international partners on anti-money laundering and counterterrorism financing efforts, including:

• Participation in the Financial Action Task Force (FATF)

• Membership in the Egmont Group of FIUs (founding member)

• Coordination with G20 Finance Ministers

• Support for United Nations Security Council initiatives

• International information sharing on financial crimes

Primary Regulated Categories

Money Services Businesses (MSBs)

The term "money services business" includes persons doing business in the following capacities:

1. Currency Dealer or Exchanger: Any person engaged as a business in buying and selling currency to customers

2. Check Casher: Any person engaged as a business in cashing checks for customers

3. Issuer of Traveler's Checks, Money Orders, or Stored Value: Any person engaged as a business in issuing these instruments

4. Seller or Redeemer of Traveler's Checks, Money Orders, or Stored Value: Any person engaged as a business in selling or redeeming these instruments

5. Money Transmitter: The most critical category for payments; includes any person who engages as a business in accepting currency or funds and transmits them through a financial agency, institution, or other means

Money Transmitters - Detailed Definition

A "money transmitter" includes any person who engages as a business in accepting currency or funds and transmitting the currency or funds by any means through a financial agency or institution, or any other person engaged in the business of transfer of funds.

This definition captures:

• Remittance service providers

• Payment service operators

• Virtual currency exchange platforms

• Cryptocurrency trading platforms (when providing transmission services)

• Cross-border payment facilitators

• Digital wallet providers

• Mobile money operators

Financial Institutions Subject to BSA

Beyond MSBs, FinCEN's regulatory scope includes all financial institutions operating in the United States:

• Banks and bank holding companies

• Credit unions

• Savings and loans institutions

• Securities broker-dealers

• Insurance companies (in certain capacities)

• Futures commission merchants

• Mutual funds

• Casinos and card clubs

• Investment advisers

• Hedge funds

Exemptions & Safe Harbors

Payment Processor Exemption

Entities may be exempt from MSB registration as a "payment processor" if they facilitate the purchase of goods or services or payment of bills (not including money transmission itself), operate through clearance and settlement systems admitting only BSA-regulated financial institutions, provide service pursuant to formal agreement, and the agreement includes specific provisions with the seller or creditor receiving funds.

This exemption applies to entities that act as intermediaries in merchant payment systems but do not themselves transmit funds.

Agent Exemption

A person that is an MSB solely because they serve as an agent of another registered MSB is not required to register separately, provided the principal MSB maintains an agent list.

Anti-Money Laundering (AML) Program Requirements

All money services businesses must implement comprehensive AML programs, including:

1. Risk Assessment

Conduct a thorough, documented risk assessment of exposure to money laundering and terrorist financing based on:

• Nature and scope of customer base

• Geographic areas served

• Products and services offered

• Delivery channels used

• Third-party relationships

2. Policies, Procedures, and Controls

Develop and implement written policies and procedures addressing:

• Customer identification and verification (KYC)

• Customer due diligence based on risk profile

• Beneficial ownership identification

• Transaction monitoring

• Record retention

• Suspicious activity reporting

• Training and compliance oversight

3. Customer Identification Program (CIP)

Collect and verify customer identity information sufficient to identify customers with reasonable assurance, including:

• Full legal name

• Date of birth

• Address

• Government-issued identification document

• Verification through independent sources (credit reports, verification services)

4. Customer Due Diligence (CDD)

Conduct ongoing due diligence including:

• Understanding the nature and purpose of customer relationships

• Understanding expected sources of funds

• Conducting ongoing transaction monitoring

• Updating customer information

5. Enhanced Due Diligence (EDD)

For higher-risk customers (politically exposed persons, high-risk jurisdictions, large transaction customers), conduct enhanced due diligence including:

• Additional beneficial ownership information

• Source of wealth verification

• Source of funds verification

• Enhanced transaction monitoring

6. Transaction Monitoring and Suspicious Activity Reporting (SAR)

Financial institutions must file Suspicious Activity Reports no later than 30 calendar days after initial detection of facts that may constitute grounds for reporting.

SAR Filing Thresholds:

• Insider abuse (any amount)

• Violations aggregating $5,000+ with identifiable suspect

• Violations aggregating $25,000+ regardless of suspect identification

• Transactions aggregating $5,000+ involving potential money laundering or BSA violations

• Suspicious activity designed to evade reporting requirements

Additional 30-Day Extension: Available if institution unable to identify suspect within initial 30-day window

Record Retention: SARs and supporting documentation must be retained for five years from filing date

7. Beneficial Ownership Identification

MSBs must maintain procedures to identify beneficial owners of corporate and partnership customers, documenting:

• Individuals exercising substantial control

• Beneficial owners with 25%+ ownership interest

• Information collected and reviewed on ongoing basis

8. Sanctions Compliance

Screen customers, transactions, and beneficial owners against:

• Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) Specially Designated Nationals (SDN) List

• Other OFAC sanctions lists

• Maintain records of screening procedures

• Document remedial actions taken

Staff Training & Compliance Management

• Provide AML/CFT training to all staff involved in operations

• Designate compliance officer responsible for AML program administration

• Maintain documentation of training

• Conduct periodic compliance testing and audits

Record Retention Requirements

All records must be retained for minimum periods specified by regulation:

• AML program documentation: 5 years

• Customer identification records: 5 years

• Transaction records: 5 years

• Beneficial ownership documentation: 5 years

• SARs and supporting documentation: 5 years

SUSPICIOUS ACTIVITY REPORTING (SAR) FRAMEWORK

Mandatory Reporting Obligations

Financial institutions are required to report suspicious activity that may constitute basis for money laundering, terrorism financing, or other financial crimes.

SAR Filing Timeline

• Initial Timeline: No later than 30 calendar days after initial detection of suspicious facts

• Extended Timeline: Additional 30 days available if institution unable to identify suspect

• Filing Deadlines: Must file within 30 days of detection, or 60 days with written justification

Structuring Clarification

FinCEN has clarified that financial institutions are not required to file a SAR if they know, suspect, or have reason to suspect that transactions are structured to evade reporting requirements (structuring) unless the institution also suspects money laundering or other criminal activity beyond structuring itself.

Recent FinCEN Guidance (2025)

Recent FAQs issued by FinCEN clarify regulatory requirements relating to:

• Structuring SARs and distinguishing structuring from money laundering

• Continuing activity reviews after SAR filing (no requirement for post-filing manual reviews)

• Decision not to file SAR (no requirement to document decision not to file)

• Unitary filing of SARs with blocking reports

• Timeline clarifications for various reporting scenarios

BSA Data Access

FinCEN maintains the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) database containing CTRs, SARs, and related reports, providing law enforcement access through established procedures and governance.

INTERNATIONAL ROLE & COOPERATION

Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) Status

FinCEN serves as the United States Financial Intelligence Unit and was a founding member of the Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units.

Egmont Group Membership

The Egmont Group is an international network of more than 160 FIUs designed to:

• Improve communication and information sharing among FIUs

• Provide training coordination

• Serve as forum for improving support to governments in AML/CFT fight

• Coordinate efforts with other international stakeholders

Egmont Group Members include FIUs from virtually all jurisdictions globally, enabling FinCEN to share financial intelligence and receive intelligence from international partners through secure channels.

Financial Action Task Force (FATF) Participation

FinCEN supports U.S. participation in the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), an intergovernmental organization that promotes international AML/CFT standards and best practices.

FATF's role includes:

• Developing international AML/CFT standards

• Conducting mutual evaluations of jurisdictions

• Identifying high-risk jurisdictions requiring special measures

• Publishing recommendations for AML/CFT best practices

Primary Money-Laundering Concerns

Under authority delegated by Treasury, FinCEN may designate foreign jurisdictions, institutions, or transactions as "primary money-laundering concerns" and impose special measures including:

• Prohibitions on U.S. financial institutions maintaining correspondent accounts

• Restrictions on transactions with designated entities

• Enhanced reporting and monitoring requirements

• Public notification of designations

International Information Sharing

FinCEN facilitates information sharing with:

• International FIUs through Egmont Group channels

• Law enforcement agencies in other countries

• International financial institutions

• Multilateral development banks

• UN Security Council

GUIDANCE & REGULATORY INTERPRETATIONS

Administrative Rulings

FinCEN provides Administrative Rulings on application of its regulations to specific business models and transactions.

Notable rulings address:

• Virtual currency exchange platforms

• Payment processors and independent sales organizations

• Cryptocurrency trading platforms

• Virtual currency payment systems

• Payable-through drafts arrangements

• Daily money management services

Regulatory Interpretations

FinCEN publishes interpretive guidance on:

• Customer Identification Program (CIP) requirements

• Customer Due Diligence (CDD) standards

• Enhanced Due Diligence (EDD) for high-risk customers

• Beneficial ownership identification requirements

• SAR filing procedures and thresholds

• Record retention obligations

• Technology implementations (blockchain, cryptocurrency)

Industry Engagement

FinCEN conducts outreach to regulated industries including:

• Training sessions and webinars

• Compliance guidance documents

• Frequently asked questions (FAQs)

• Risk-based approach guidance

• Best practice documentation

• Industry meetings and consultation

BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP REPORTING (CORPORATE TRANSPARENCY ACT)

CTA Implementation Authority

Under the Corporate Transparency Act (CTA), enacted as part of the Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020, FinCEN administers beneficial ownership reporting requirements that became effective January 1, 2024.

Reporting Companies Definition

"Reporting companies" generally include most entities created or registered to do business in the U.S., with limited exemptions.

Beneficial Owner Definition

A beneficial owner is an individual who, directly or indirectly:

• Exercises substantial control over an entity (alone or in concert with others), including power to direct establishment, management, or operations; or

• Owns or controls 25% or more of the ownership interests of an entity

Required Information

Reporting companies must provide to FinCEN database:

• Legal Name: Full legal name of beneficial owner

• Date of Birth: Complete date of birth

• Address: Current residential or business address (street, city, state, ZIP code)

• Identification Number: Unique identifying number from acceptable identification document:

• U.S. passport

• Driver's license or non-driver state ID

• U.S. REAL ID

• Government identification document issued by foreign country

Exemptions

Large operating companies exempt from reporting:

• More than 20 full-time employees

• Over $5 million in annual gross revenues

• Physical office in U.S.

• Certain state-registered entities

Regulated entities exempt from reporting:

• Banks and credit unions

• Registered Money Services Businesses

• Broker-dealers and investment companies

• Securities and commodities regulated entities

• Publicly traded companies

• Registered investment advisers

• Insurance companies

• Tax-exempt organizations

Database Access & Confidentiality

• Beneficial ownership information stored in FinCEN database

• Access limited to authorized persons (law enforcement, national security agencies, financial institutions for KYC)

• Confidential treatment of information

• Penalties for unauthorized disclosure

KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS & METRICS

Regulatory Scope (by numbers, as of 2026)

• Egmont Group FIU Members: 160+

• Countries with AML/CFT Frameworks: 190+

• FATF Members: 39 countries + 2 regional organizations

• U.S. MSB Registrations: Thousands (growing annually)

• Annual SARs Filed: Millions (critical financial intelligence source)

• Annual CTRs Filed: Tens of millions

Enforcement Activity (Recent Years)

• Civil Penalties Assessed: Billions in aggregate

• Major Cases: Capital One ($390M), Brink's ($37M), Shinhan ($15M), Paxful ($3.5M)

• Administrative Rulings Issued: Dozens annually on emerging technologies

• Guidance Documents Published: Regularly updated to address evolving threats

Regulatory Powers

Civil Enforcement Authority

FinCEN's Office of Enforcement has authority to pursue civil enforcement actions for violations of the Bank Secrecy Act and its implementing regulations.

Enforcement Jurisdiction

FinCEN may bring enforcement actions for:

• Failure to register as MSB

• Failure to maintain effective AML program

• Willful or negligent BSA violations

• False or materially incomplete registration filings

• Record retention violations

• Suspicious activity reporting failures

• Currency transaction reporting failures

• Customer identification program failures

Civil Penalty Authority

Statutory Penalties:

• MSB Registration Failures: Up to $5,000 per violation (each day of non-compliance constitutes separate violation)

• Other BSA Violations: Up to $25,000 per violation (willful violations); up to $10,000 per violation (negligent violations)

• Continuing Violations: Each day of violation may constitute separate violation, creating significant cumulative exposure

Enforcement Process

1. Investigation by FinCEN Office of Enforcement

2. Administrative due process procedures

3. Civil penalty assessment

4. Administrative hearing procedures available

5. Judicial review available for denied parties

6. Public disclosure of significant enforcement actions

Coordination with Other Regulators

FinCEN coordinates enforcement with:

• Federal banking agencies (OCC, Federal Reserve, FDIC, NCUA)

• State regulators

• Law enforcement agencies

• International regulators

Public Enforcement Actions

FinCEN maintains a public database of enforcement actions on its website, providing transparency and deterrent effect. Notable recent actions demonstrate aggressive enforcement against both traditional financial institutions and emerging payment service providers.

Regulatory Role and Function

Parent Entity & Bureau Status

FinCEN is a bureau within the United States Department of the Treasury, established under Treasury Order 105-08 on April 25, 1990, and formally designated as a bureau under Treasury Order 180-01 on September 26, 2002.

Director & Leadership

The Director of FinCEN is appointed by the Secretary of the Treasury and reports to the Under Secretary for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence.

Current Director: Andrea Gacki was appointed to serve as Director of FinCEN in July 2023. Ms. Gacki previously served as Director of the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), bringing extensive experience in financial sanctions and enforcement.

Operational Independence

FinCEN operates with operational independence standards consistent with Financial Action Task Force (FATF) and Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units recommendations. These standards ensure that FinCEN conducts its financial intelligence operations free from undue influence or interference in carrying out its responsibilities, while remaining accountable to the Secretary of the Treasury and Congress.

Legal Foundation

Primary Statutory Authority

FinCEN's authority derives from multiple federal statutes that collectively form the foundation of U.S. anti-money laundering and financial crimes enforcement:

Currency and Financial Transactions Reporting Act of 1970 (Bank Secrecy Act)

The Bank Secrecy Act, also known as the Currency and Financial Transactions Reporting Act of 1970, is the foundational statute granting the Treasury Department authority over financial reporting and recordkeeping requirements. The Act established the framework for monitoring currency flows and detecting illicit financial activity.

The Secretary of the Treasury has delegated to the Director of FinCEN the authority to implement, administer, and enforce compliance with the BSA and associated regulations. In this capacity, FinCEN issues regulations and interpretive guidance, provides outreach to regulated industries, supports examination functions, and pursues civil enforcement actions when warranted.

USA PATRIOT Act of 2001

Enacted in response to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, the USA PATRIOT Act (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act) significantly expanded AML/CFT obligations and provided law enforcement with additional tools to combat money laundering and terrorism financing.

Title III of the PATRIOT Act, enacted September 26, 2002, specifically designated FinCEN as an official bureau within the Department of the Treasury, elevating its status and authority from an internal Treasury office to a full bureau with independent regulatory and enforcement functions.

Key PATRIOT Act provisions include:

• Section 314(a): Enables FinCEN to issue requests to financial institutions to search their records for accounts related to terrorism suspects, with participating institutions required to respond within 10 days

• Section 314(b): Facilitates voluntary information sharing among financial institutions regarding suspected money laundering or terrorism financing

• Primary Money-Laundering Concerns: Authorizes FinCEN to designate foreign jurisdictions, institutions, or transactions as primary money-laundering concerns and impose special measures, including prohibiting U.S. financial institutions from maintaining correspondent accounts

Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020 (AMLA)

The Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2020 represents the most significant AML legislation enacted in several decades and was enacted as part of the National Defense Authorization Act on January 1, 2021.

AMLA modernizes the BSA framework and includes critical provisions:

• Corporate Transparency Act (CTA): Requires FinCEN to establish and operate a beneficial ownership information database for "reporting companies"

• Beneficial Ownership Reporting: A beneficial owner is defined as an individual who directly or indirectly exercises substantial control over an entity or owns/controls 25% or more of ownership interests

• Reporting Company Requirements: Effective January 1, 2024, reporting companies must provide beneficial ownership information including full legal name, date of birth, current residential/business address, and unique identifying number from acceptable identification documents

• Regulatory Efficiency Provisions: Enhanced FinCEN's authority to examine and enforce compliance more effectively

Regulatory Codification: 31 CFR Chapter X

On March 1, 2011, FinCEN transferred its regulations from 31 CFR Part 103 to 31 CFR Chapter X as part of an ongoing effort to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of its regulatory oversight. This reorganization organized regulations into generally applicable rules and industry-specific rules without substantive changes to underlying requirements.

31 CFR Chapter X includes:

• Part 1010: General Regulations

• Part 1020: Banks

• Part 1022: Money Services Businesses

• Part 1024: Casinos and Card Clubs

• Part 1026: Mutual Funds

• Part 1029: Loan or Finance Companies

• And additional industry-specific parts

Licensing and Authorization Relevance

Mandatory Registration Regime

With limited exceptions, each Money Services Business must register with the Department of the Treasury within 180 days of establishment.

Registration Form & Process

Form: FinCEN Form 107 - Registration of Money Services Business

Filing Method: E-filing via the BSA E-Filing System is mandatory

Timeline: Registration must be completed and signed by owner/controlling person within 180 days of MSB establishment

Renewal Requirement: Registration must be renewed every 24 months by December 31 of the preceding year

Record Retention: Filed registration forms and supporting documentation must be retained at a U.S. location for five years from filing date

Agent List Maintenance

Each registered MSB must prepare and maintain a list of its agents.

• Agent list is not filed with registration but maintained at U.S. location reported on registration form

• List must be revised annually on January 1 for the preceding 12-month period

• List must identify all agents reselling or distributing MSB services

Required Information on Form 107

Form 107 requires disclosure of:

• Principal business activity and MSB activities

• Names and identification of principals

• Locations of operation

• Agents and subagents

• Financial institutions used

• Business structure and ownership

• Criminal history information

Renewal Timeline

Registration renewal deadline structure:

• First Renewal: By December 31 of the second calendar year following initial registration

• Subsequent Renewals: Every 24 months by December 31

• Early Filing: Permitted with 12-month advance filing window

Virtual Currency Regulatory Approach

FinCEN applies Money Services Business regulations to virtual currency platforms and exchangers:

• Virtual currency exchanges must register as MSBs

• Virtual currency transmitters must register as MSBs

• Virtual currency custodians subject to AML/CFT requirements

• Decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms analyzed on case-by-case basis

Cryptocurrency AML Guidance

FinCEN has issued administrative rulings and guidance on application of regulations to cryptocurrency platforms, virtual currency payment systems, and blockchain-based transactions.

Key positions include:

• Virtual currency exchanges engaging in transmission of funds are MSBs

• Custodial services for customer virtual currency holdings trigger MSB requirements if transmission occurs

• Conversion between fiat and virtual currency may trigger MSB requirements

• Peer-to-peer platforms facilitating virtual currency transmission subject to MSB requirements

Blockchain & Distributed Ledger Technology

FinCEN guidance addresses regulatory treatment of:

• Blockchain-based payment systems

• Decentralized exchange protocols

• Smart contract-based transactions

• Self-hosted wallets (regulatory analysis ongoing)

• Mixing and tumbling services

Payments and Money Movement Relevance

The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) has the following relevance to payments and money movement in United States:

Payment Systems Governed or Overseen

The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) does not directly operate payment systems. Its payment-related role includes:

Money transmitters, payment processors, and fintech companies operating in this jurisdiction require licensing or registration with this entity.

Relationship to Other Regulators

The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) operates within United States's broader financial regulatory architecture and maintains relationships with:

Geography and Jurisdiction Notes

Important Departments and Divisions

Key Public Resources

Primary Contact Information

Website: https://www.fincen.gov

General Inquiries: [email protected]

Toll-Free Phone: +1-800-767-2946

Administrative Rulings Requests:

https://www.fincen.gov/resources/statutes-regulations/administrative-rulings

MSB Registration Portal:

https://www.fincen.gov/msb-registration-web-site

Suspicious Activity Report (SAR) Filing: FinCEN maintains secure SAR filing system through authorized gateways

Beneficial Ownership Information System (BO Reporting):

https://www.fincen.gov/anti-money-laundering-act-2020

Key Resources

• About FinCEN: https://www.fincen.gov/about-fincen

• Legal Authorities: https://www.fincen.gov/resources/fincens-legal-authorities

• Regulations (31 CFR Chapter X): https://www.fincen.gov/resources/statutes-regulations/chapter-x

• Guidance: https://www.fincen.gov/resources/statutes-regulations/guidance

• Enforcement Actions: https://www.fincen.gov/news/enforcement-actions

• 31 CFR Chapter X Translator: https://www.fincen.gov/31-cfr-chapter-x-translator

• Administrative Rulings: https://www.fincen.gov/resources/statutes-regulations/administrative-rulings

Notes on Naming and Language