What laws and regulations apply to Bitcoin businesses operating in the United States?

Terrence Yang provides a pretty detailed answer. Here are some of the laws I would like to add to Terrence's answer.

Our company (CoinX) which is a licensed Bitcoin exchange in the US is subjected to the following laws:

• As a regulated money services business, we are regulated by the State department of financial services (or equivalent). This means for every State in which we are licensed, the financial regulator of that State has laws for money services business, specifically money transmission applicable on us. In our company's case (for example), here are the licenses we hold and the corresponding State regulator: Money Transmitter Licenses |
• On a federal level, we are bound to the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001
• We also have to adhere to the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) of 1970
• Money Laundering Control Act 1986
• Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988
• Annunzio-Wylie Anti-Money Laundering Act of 1992
• Money Laundering Suppression Act of 1994
• Money Laundering and Financial Crimes Strategy Act of 1998
• We have to do regular reporting to the federal agency known as FinCEN (Federal Crimes Enforcement Network)
• Because we deal with Consumers, the CFPB (Consumer Financial Protection Bureau) laws and guidelines are applicable to us.
• For money transmission, especially cross-border, Regulation E is very important.
• Dodd-Frank Act, Section 1072 (which is associated with Regulated E)
• FISMA (Federal Information Security Management Act) is applicable to us.