How can I track the location of money sent using a SWIFT transfer?

You don’t. You are not given, nor provided any visibility of the SWIFT message requesting transfer of funds.

Even banks themselves at times don’t have direct visibility. They have to trace where the money is.

The only way to know where your money is is to ask for a copy of the transfer (MT102/103) and give it to your beneficiary bank so that they may trace the wire. It is in most cases stuck with the correspondent bank.